Marijuana Legalization an Annotated Bibiliography Free Essays

Colin Morris Ms. Morgan English 102-053 1 March 2013 Is it time for the Federal Government to Bud out of States’ Rights? : An Annotated Bibliography Cohen, Micah. â€Å"Marijuana Legalization and States Rights. We will compose a custom paper test on Weed Legalization: an Annotated Bibiliography or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now † FiveThirtyEight Marijuana Legalization and States Rights Comments. The New York Times, 8 Dec. 2012. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. Outline: This article begins by posing another inquiry about the legitimization of pot. It doesn’t ask whether it ought to be lawful, yet in the event that the legislature should change it’s laws on tranquilize authorization. The surveys show that in the greater part of them surveys, half of the surveyors accept that it ought to be surrendered over to the states that have sanctioned maryjane to choose the laws. It closes by expressing that despite the fact that some trust it ought to be surrendered over to the states, 49% of those individuals are as yet restricted to sanctioning. Examination: This article makes some intriguing focuses that are not so much raised in an ordinary authorization banter. The issue of states’ rights carries an entirely different side to the discussion. He additionally does an excellent activity of keeping his inclination out of the article. There are a few places in his composing where his predisposition could have appeared however he kept it out. Cohen’s various surveys do all arrive at one resolution; not every person accepts pot is an awful thing. Those supporting the issue of states’ rights could help switch things around in this continuous discussion. What he needs this article is a way that professional authorization pioneers could utilize this new system to support their motivation. An approach to do this is show that there are normal Americans who could have a state in this discussion and not simply stoners. Peterson, Bo. â€Å"Legal Pot in South Carolina? DonAt Hold Your Breath. † The Post and Courier. The Post and Courier, 13 Nov. 2012. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. Rundown: This article draws support from associations and social liberties advocates in the Charleston region. These gatherings all concur that South Carolina ought to follow with Colorado and Washington. Be that as it may, these gatherings are countered by legislators who accept this issue has no ground, however gets no opportunity of occurring with this present enactment, because of it’s traditionalist nature. Investigation: Looking at this article as a South Carolinian, it just shows how for whatever length of time that I can recall, our state council experiences serious difficulties getting anything achieved. This article brings up the regularly developing hole between the individuals and the legislature in this state will be the primary motivation behind why pot will make some hard memories being authorized. Predisposition isn't an issue in this article, the author tends to the two sides and draws support from the two sides. Despite the fact that this article has the general thought that sanctioning won't occur in South Carolina for a little while, the way that there are individuals who believe that it ought to occur, enables the reason as much as possible. Robillard, Kevin. â€Å"Medical Marijuana Bill Unveiled in House. † POLITICO. POLITICO, 25 Feb. 2013. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. Rundown: In this article, a bill was brought before congress that would help spread out an arrangement for the administration to in the long run legitimize pot. Oregon Democrat Earl Blumenauer did this with an end goal to reveal some insight into the government pot arrangement. Shockingly this bill has 13 co-supports. These backers happen to originate from the two gatherings, one is a Republican from California. Despite the fact that his bill isn’t liable to pass, charges in New Hampshire, Illinois, New York and Maryland are relied upon to go to make restorative maryjane legitimate. Examination: This article never really offer plan to the expert authorization swarm. These bills that are circling through different state Houses are only uplifting news. This essayist makes a pleasant showing of getting individuals for sources who are in reality near the issue. One of these sources has the possibility that restorative cannabis could help troops with post-awful pressure. That would be full of feeling however would require a movement from individuals inside lawmaking body, yet a thought could be to acquire some military executives to help back their cases. Yet, the issue despite everything remains that there are despite everything individuals a ton of master authorization individuals who don't have a voice. Be that as it may, until there is one strong voice for this issue, it won't go anyplace in the House or the Senate. Pack, Lauren. â€Å"Marijuana Summit Counters Legalization Movement. † Dayton, Ohio Network News, Weather, Traffic, Sports. WHIOTV, 28 Feb. 2013. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. Rundown: This article was on a provincial weed highest point in Ohio. This occasion got individuals from all sides of the issue, from the business, clinical, instruction, law requirement and government. Since there are 18 expresses that have sanctioned pot, Ohio is hoping to drive into that gathering. The typical contentions were raised from the star swarm, however the counter authorization raised an admirable statement, 10 percent of card holders in those states really have a genuine motivation to have them, yet 90 percent use them for cerebral pains and so on. In any case, the culmination reached the resolution that in the event that it is about business, at that point they can bolster it. Investigation: This sort of highest point is something that will in general be going on increasingly more the nation over. These highest points unite individuals who can really have any kind of effect when the sanctioning issue comes up. What individuals don’t acknowledge is that when there is an issue that needs consideration everything necessary is notable individuals in numbers getting behind at that point. This sort of culmination could really help progress the ace authorization cause. The most brilliant almost this culmination is developed was by acquiring individuals who held force in all pieces of the neighborhood government. In the event that this technique was utilized the nation over, the ace legitimization gathering would have a vastly improved possibility of succeeding. Ludwig, Mike. â€Å"Is America prepared to Legalize Marijuana?. † Truthout. Truthout, 7 Feb. 2013. Web. 01 Mar. 2013. Synopsis: This article tracks another bill that is circling from the House as opposed to the Senate. The popularity based Rep. from Colorado is proposing a bill that would help spread out an arrangement that could begin a movement to authorize pot inside the following scarcely any years. Backing is drawn from surveys that are expressing that somewhat the greater part of all Americans conviction that grown-ups ought to have the option to buy maryjane as they do liquor or tobacco. The bill proposes to expel pot from the Controlled Substance Act. Investigation: This article like most others regarding the matter, gives maryjane clients trust that one day they won't be segregated. Seeing that there is more than one individual in Congress attempting to make this works causes clients to accept they can utilize openly soon. The more that I investigate these articles, the more I find that there truly are a decent measure of individuals who really need to get this going. By acquiring that we are spending an excessive amount of cash on the war on drugs, the contention for master legitimization develops new legs. By spreading out an arrangement for the entirety of the cash America could be sparing, more individuals could accumulate around this thought the obligation that props up, could in the long run boil down to a progressively reasonable sum. Solidness, Gary. â€Å"What Is the Best Regulatory Framework for Legalized Marijuana? † Baker Institute Blog. N. p. , 31 Feb. 2013. Web. 01 Mar. 2013. Outline: In this article, the essayist tends to the issue of what precisely would be lawful with regards to the eventual fate of pot. It tends to the issue of the new business side also Dispensaries would need to accumulate various allows and would quickly increments in numbers in only a couple of months. Yet, first the administration would need to expel cannabis from the Controlled Substance Act. Until that occurs, the entirety of this discussion is simply hypothesis. Investigation: This article carries some new plans to the table just as some more barriers that are not typically discussed. With weed being on the prohibited medications list, that is the biggest obstacle that is left for pot to be completely sanctioned. At this moment it is in a similar classification as LSD and champion, a few people would locate that somewhat unnecessary. As I would like to think pot doesn't verge on being as perilous as LSD or champion. The author makes a decent showing with keeping his predisposition out of his composition. He improves work at making hard to identify what side of the contention he falls on. Yet, outside of that the article sets down so truly fascinating thoughts that the ace authorization group could use in later contentions. The most effective method to refer to Marijuana Legalization: an Annotated Bibiliography, Papers

Ecstasy :: essays papers

Delight MDMA, or Ecstasy, was first made in a lab in Germany in 1912. The German pharmaceutical organization E. Merck licensed it in 1914, not as a medication, however as a compound for making increasingly helpful medications later on. MDMA was overlooked until 1953, when the United States Army subsidized a mystery University of Michigan study to create compound weapons. In the wake of discovering that MDMA was non-poisonous, the administration set it back on the rack. Talk says that the medication was tried for mind control purposes, or as a â€Å"truth drug†, yet there isn't real proof of that. In 1978, Alexander Shulgin composed a book specifying the MDMA experience called Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved: A Chemical Love Story. Numerous specialists paid attention to Shulgin's discoveries enough to consolidate MDMA with meetings with their patients' ordinary treatment. In the mid '80s, MDMA advanced from the specialist's office to the move floor from a Texas business visionary who blended the medication in a lab. He re-named it Euphoria and sold it for $20 a hitâ€legallyâ€in Dallas-Fort Worth clubs. Be that as it may, the Drug Enforcement Agency worked rapidly to ban MDMA, and Ecstasy formally turned into an unlawful medication in 1985. What Ecstasy does is basic. It consolidates two inverse impacts, incitement and unwinding, however in likewise gives a little nature of compassion. Psychotherapist RD Laing took MDMA in Esalen, California, in 1984 when it was as yet legitimate. He stated, It caused me to feel how we all might want to feel we are at any rate . . . smooth and kind, not soaked, nostalgic or stupid.† Another clinician portrayed it as giving a brief, short lived snapshot of mental soundness. A great many people portray the wanting to be enamored. The most widely recognized sentiments experienced are compassion, transparency, harmony and mindful. In any case, there have been cases in which the client has an abatement in protectiveness, dread or neurosis, feeling of division from others, animosity, and over the top conduct. Symptoms of Ecstasy can extend from somewhat awkward to dangerous physical and passionate responses. Your temperature goes up when you take Ecstasy, similar to a fever. Moving in a hot stockroom doesn't enable your body to chill, so it's nothing unexpected that one of the most well-known Ecstasy-related wounds is heatstroke. Alongside high internal heat level, you perspire and pee a great deal on the off chance that you take Ecstasy.

3 Exciting Updates for MindMeisters Integration with Microsoft Teams - Focus

3 Exciting Updates for MindMeisters Integration with Microsoft Teams - Focus Were thrilled to announce three fantastic updates for MindMeisters popular integration with Microsoft Teams! These latest improvements ensure that you and your team members are always up to date about what happens in your maps. In case you missed it, MindMeister has been available as a tab in Microsoft Teams since 2017. Adding MindMeister to your channels enables you to mind map and brainstorm right inside Teams, while keeping your chat open next to the map so you can discuss ideas and plans with your colleagues in real time. Since our last update in 2018, you can also access and manage your MindMeister dashboard with all its stored mind maps inside Microsoft Teams. Whats New in 2019? 1. Message Extension The message extension lets you search MindMeisters Public Maps Universe in order to share a public mind map in a Microsoft Teams channel. To get started, click on the ellipses symbol below the message box in your channel and select MindMeister from the list of message extensions. In the search dialog that opens, enter the title of a public map youre trying to find. You can also just browse through the maps by typing in a keyword. Once youve selected a map, you can add a personal note to it and share it with your channel members. 2. Connector for Notifications The MindMeister Connector sends notifications to a Microsoft Teams channel when a specific map is updated. The notification card includes a link to the mind map, so team members can quickly open the map and take a closer look at what has been changed. To install a connector for one of your channels, click on the ellipses symbol next to its name and then select Connectors. Select MindMeister from the list of available connectors to configure it. Choose the mind map you want to receive notifications for and click Save to confirm. Messages about map updates will be sent within 30 minutes to your channel. You will receive these updates until you deactivate the connector, which you can do any time. 3. MindMeister Bot Using the MindMeister bot, you can request a digest of all recent changes made to your mind maps. To do this, simply open a 1-on-1 conversation tab with MindMeister and type @mindmeister digest into the message box. Confirm with ENTER. Want to quickly create a new mind map while youre here? Just type @mindmeister create new map”. This will create a link to a new mind map, which opens in MindMeisters web app when clicked. You can also use the MindMeister Bot inside your teams channels. There, you can request a list of recent updates for a mind map of your choosing. To do this, go to any of your teams conversations and type @mindmeister updates”, then select the mind map youre interested in. As opposed to the digest you receive in your 1-on-1 conversation with MindMeister, these updates are also visible to your channel members, who can then also click on the link to open the shared mind map and review it. Last but not least, you can also use the Channel Bot to search through MindMeisters Public Maps Universe, just like you can do with the Message Extension. The command for this is @mindmeister search”. Once youve hit ENTER, you can type in a keyword to find useful public maps to share with your team. Ready to start mind mapping with your team? Head on over to Microsoft Teams now and add MindMeister as a tab to your channels, or check out this help article with step-by-step instructions first! 3 Exciting Updates for MindMeisters Integration with Microsoft Teams - Focus Were thrilled to announce three fantastic updates for MindMeisters popular integration with Microsoft Teams! These latest improvements ensure that you and your team members are always up to date about what happens in your maps. In case you missed it, MindMeister has been available as a tab in Microsoft Teams since 2017. Adding MindMeister to your channels enables you to mind map and brainstorm right inside Teams, while keeping your chat open next to the map so you can discuss ideas and plans with your colleagues in real time. Since our last update in 2018, you can also access and manage your MindMeister dashboard with all its stored mind maps inside Microsoft Teams. Whats New in 2019? 1. Message Extension The message extension lets you search MindMeisters Public Maps Universe in order to share a public mind map in a Microsoft Teams channel. To get started, click on the ellipses symbol below the message box in your channel and select MindMeister from the list of message extensions. In the search dialog that opens, enter the title of a public map youre trying to find. You can also just browse through the maps by typing in a keyword. Once youve selected a map, you can add a personal note to it and share it with your channel members. 2. Connector for Notifications The MindMeister Connector sends notifications to a Microsoft Teams channel when a specific map is updated. The notification card includes a link to the mind map, so team members can quickly open the map and take a closer look at what has been changed. To install a connector for one of your channels, click on the ellipses symbol next to its name and then select Connectors. Select MindMeister from the list of available connectors to configure it. Choose the mind map you want to receive notifications for and click Save to confirm. Messages about map updates will be sent within 30 minutes to your channel. You will receive these updates until you deactivate the connector, which you can do any time. 3. MindMeister Bot Using the MindMeister bot, you can request a digest of all recent changes made to your mind maps. To do this, simply open a 1-on-1 conversation tab with MindMeister and type @mindmeister digest into the message box. Confirm with ENTER. Want to quickly create a new mind map while youre here? Just type @mindmeister create new map”. This will create a link to a new mind map, which opens in MindMeisters web app when clicked. You can also use the MindMeister Bot inside your teams channels. There, you can request a list of recent updates for a mind map of your choosing. To do this, go to any of your teams conversations and type @mindmeister updates”, then select the mind map youre interested in. As opposed to the digest you receive in your 1-on-1 conversation with MindMeister, these updates are also visible to your channel members, who can then also click on the link to open the shared mind map and review it. Last but not least, you can also use the Channel Bot to search through MindMeisters Public Maps Universe, just like you can do with the Message Extension. The command for this is @mindmeister search”. Once youve hit ENTER, you can type in a keyword to find useful public maps to share with your team. Ready to start mind mapping with your team? Head on over to Microsoft Teams now and add MindMeister as a tab to your channels, or check out this help article with step-by-step instructions first!

Minimum Wage Deserves To Be Raised - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 413 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Minimum Wage Essay Did you like this example? As life in America gets more important I believe that minimum wage deserves to be raised so that people are able to live more comfortably than otherwise. I chose this topic because I believe that minimum wage is important. The minimum wage was created to stabilize the economy post depression and to protect worker in labor force. It was designed to create a living standard at a minimum, leading to protecting the well-being of employees. Now that everything in America is becoming more expensive, minimum wage is becoming a bigger issue in our society. Minimum relates to my life because a majority of the jobs I am able to get at my age, and with my education is pretty slim and they are all minimum wage paying jobs. It does not allow me to have access to many things, like an apartment or being able to own my own car. Everything is extremely expensive, but have a minimum wage that is so low, makes things unattainable for me. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Minimum Wage Deserves To Be Raised" essay for you Create order A reason to increase minimum wage would be it could decrease the amount of money the government spends on welfare. According to ProCon The Center for American Progress reported in 2014 that raising the federal minimum wage by 6% to $10.10 would reduce spending on the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly known as food stamps) by 6% or $4.6 billion. [9] The Economic Policy Institute determined that by increasing the minimum wage to $10.10, more than 1.7 million Americans would no longer be dependent on government assistance programs (Pro 3). This is saying that if minimum wage was increased, the low-income would be increased, which then leads to the government not needing to spend so much money on income-support programs, which then leads to that money being spent on something else or something better. This graph is illustrating how the minimum wage has barely increased over the last several years, but the GDP has drastically increased. That makes it very hard for people living off minimum wage to be able to survive in America today, which leads them to becoming poor. A problem with increasing minimum wage would be that it could increase poverty. According to ProCon The higher wages are, the higher costs of production are. The higher costs of production are, the higher prices are. The higher prices are, the smaller the quantities of goods and services demanded and the number of workers employed in producing them (Con 2). By increasing minimum wage, it increases everything associated with employment, money, demand, etc.

The Immigration Laws Should Be Repealed - 2465 Words

Paolo S. Mutia J. Richardson AP Government 2nd Period 11 March 2015 Currently, one of most debated policy issues in America is immigration. Starting with the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, the American government created several immigration laws that sought to put an end to illegal immigration by mandating workplace regulations, employer sanctions, internal enforcement mechanisms, and border security (Nowrasteh 2). According to immigration policy analyst Alexander Nowrasteh at the Center of Global Liberty and Prosperity of the Cato Institute, by the 1990s, legal immigration was essentially impossible to the United States unless the immigrant was highly skilled, had a close American citizen or legal permanent resident relative or friend who could sponsor him or her, or was a refugee. The Arizona immigration laws should be repealed due to damage done to the state’s economy, the benefits of immigrants to the American economic structure, and the societal harm imposed upon citizens. Illegal immigration is an unintend ¬ed result of federal immigration restric ¬tions from the shortage of green cards (permanent residence) and temporary work visas available for migrants (Nowrasteh 2). Currently, 73% of the 11.5 million illegal immigrants nationally are located in ten states, including Arizona (Nowrasteh 2). Between 2000 and 2008, Arizona experienced a large increase of illegal immigrants from 330,000 to 560,000 (Nowrasteh 2). The costs of the housing bust and the Great RecessionShow MoreRelatedThe Affordable Care Act ( Obama Care )908 Words   |  4 PagesAct (Obama Care) should be repealed, replaced with something else, or stay in its current form. I believe that Obama Care should be fully repealed. However, I don’t believe that just repealing this legislation is enough. I believe that there should be a series of reforms ready for implementation that follow free market principles and that will restore economic freedom. There are far more cons than pros about Obama Care, which is all the more reason that it needs to be repealed. First of all, inRead MoreThe Issue Of Constitutional Propriety1497 Words   |  6 Pagesparliament are laid out in Schedule 5 of the Scotland act 1998 and include: defence, immigration, foreign policy and many more. The process of leaving the EU, through the triggering of Article 50, and the subsequent ‘Great Repeal Bill’ would result in the immediate repeal of the European Communities Act 1972 thus ending the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice in Britain. The 1972 act was signed into law to allow the UK to join the European Economic Community, which later became the EuropeanRead MoreIllegal Immigration Is Necessary For American Society866 Words   |  4 PagesIllegal Immigration is currently flooding the labor market, primarily in the low-skill, low-wage sectors, and driving down wages and working conditions for many Americans because of our immigration policies. 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When they turn 21, they can sponsor their parentsRead MoreA Silk Road : Chinese Immigration Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesAnother Silk Road: Chinese Immigration As of the 2010 United States Census, there are more than 3.7 million Chinese in the United States, about 1.23% of the total population. All of these 3.7 million Chinese Americans, are made of different historical period of the Chinese immigrants and their descendants. The history of Chinese immigration, is as old as the history of the United State of America, more than 200 years. Various periods of Chinese immigrants experienced different stories, and theyRead MoreEssay On Payroll Taxes1687 Words   |  7 Pagesthey pass away. Typically that age of retirement starts at 65 but can be as high as 67, even though some people delay it longer. The Affordable Care Act/ACA/Obamacare is a federal law that created many things, one of them that is the most known is the Insurance Marketplace. It was signed into law in 2010 by President Obama. It created a marketplace where individuals could purchase insurance plans from Insurance companies, and provided some individuals a subsidy on the cost of their premiumsRead MoreEssay on Better1052 Words   |  5 Pagesstresses fairer for people.  Americans advocate that everyone should be free and equal. They emphasize the basic rights of humans. In the Declaration of Independence, it says people have three unalienable rights, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Nobody can despoil these rights without suitable reason.  But,  after a hundred years that the Declaration of Independence was passed, the American government passed a very unfair  federal law.  It unreasonably deprived these unalienable rights of theRead MoreImmigration Laws : Arizona Anti Immigration Law1222 Words   |  5 PagesSB 1070: Arizona Anti-Immigration Law Introduction and Summary SB 1070 Anti-Immigration Law was passed by Arizona legislators and signed by former Arizona Governor Jan Brewer in early 2009 when another former Arizona Governor Janet Napolitano became Secretary of Homeland Security under President Barack Obama’s administration (Morse, 2011). After Jan Brewer took office, she was looking for ways to strengthen the anti-immigration laws. 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Should they all be legalized or just a select few? History of politics interfering with freedom to choose Good intentions will always be pleaded for every assumption of authority. It is hardly too strong to say that the Constitution was made to guard

Death in Prime Time Free Essays

string(191) " DEATH IN NEWS AND DRAMA Death in such a context is just another invented characterization, a negative resource, a sign of fatal flaw or ineptitude, a punishment for sins or mark of tragedy\." American Academy of Political and Social Science Death in Prime Time: Notes on the Symbolic Functions of Dying in the Mass Media Author(s): George Gerbner Reviewed work(s): Source: Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 447, The Social Meaning of Death (Jan. , 1980), pp. We will write a custom essay sample on Death in Prime Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now 64-70 Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. in association with the American Academy of Political and Social Science Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/1042304 . Accessed: 02/01/2012 20:34 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms Conditions of Use, available at . ttp://www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor. org. Sage Publications, Inc. and American Academy of Political and Social Science are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. ttp://www. jstor. org ANNALS,AAPSS, 447, January 1980 Death in Prime Time: Notes on th e Symbolic Functions of Dying in the Mass Media By GEORGEGERBNER ABSTRACT: The cultural (and media) significance of dying rests in the symbolic context in which representations of dying are embedded. An examination of that context of mostly violent suggests that portrayals of death and dying representations functions of social typing and control and tend, serve symbolic of on the whole, to conceal the reality and inevitability the event. George Gerbner is Professor of Communications and Dean of The Annenberg School of Communications, University of Pennsylvania. He is a principal investigator, along with Larry Gross and Nancy Signorielli, also of The Annenberg School, in the Cultural Indicators research project studying television drama and viewer conceptions of social reality. He has been principal investigator on international and U. S. projectsfunded by the National Science Foundation, U. S. Office of Education, UNESCO, the International Sociological Association, the National Institute of Mental Health, The Surgeon General’s Scientific advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior, the American Medical Association, the HEW’s Administration on Aging, and other agencies. He is editor of the Journal of Communication, and a volume on Mass Media Policies in Changing Cultures. 64 DEATH IN PRIME TIME 65 D YINGin the massmedia-both news and entertainment (a distinction increasingly hard to make) -has a symbolic function different from death in real life but investing life itself-with it-and particular meanings. We can begin to consider what these might be by reflecting on the nature of representation. A symbol system is an artifact par excellence. It is totally invented to serve human purposes. It can serve these purposes only if those interpreting it know the code and can fit it into a symbolic context of their own. They must share the rules of the invention and the interpretative strategies by which it should be understood. Symbolic narrative, a story, has two basic elements of invention: fictive and selective. Selective invention is factual narrative such as news. Presumably true events (facts) are selected from an endless stream of events. A narrative is invented to convey some meaning about the selected facts as interpreted in a previously learned framework of knowledge. Fictive invention is fiction and drama; the â€Å"facts† are invented as well as the narrative. (Selection is of course involved in both. ) The function of fictive invention is to illuminate (literally to embody and dramatize) the invisible structure and dynamics of the significant connections of human life. It is to show how things work. Invention that can only select events but not create them must be more opaque; it can only show what things are but rarely why or how they work. The full development of the connections between events and human motivations and powers requires the freedom and legitimacy to invent the â€Å"facts† in a way that illuminates the otherwise hidden dynamics of existence. In this totally invented world of and fictivesymbols-selective without some purnothing happens pose and function (which need not be the same). Let us use as example the world of television which we have studied for some years. This discussion also applies to other media and cultural forms, with the difference that television is the generally non-selectively used universal storyteller of modern society. It is, therefore, more a symbolic environment than a traditional medium. People are not born into the world of television. They are selected or created for a purpose. The purpose is usefulness to the symbolic world (cal led news values or story values) that the producing institutions and their patrons find useful for their purposes. More numerous in both news and drama are those for whom that world has more uses-jobs, power, adventure, sex, youth, and all other opportunities in life. These values are distributed in the symbol system as most resources are distributed in the society whose dominant institutions produce most of the symbols: according to status and power. Dominant social groups tend to be overrepresented and overendowed not only absolutely but also in relation to their numbers in the real population. (For example, men outnumber women at least three to one in television and most media content. Minorities are defined by having 1. The long-range project was first described in my article on â€Å"Cultural Indicators: The Case of Violence in Television Drama† in the Annals, Vol. 388, March 1970. The most recent report, including a description of methodology, appears in George Gerbner, Larry Gross, Nancy Signorielli, Michael Morgan, and Marilyn Jackson-Beeck, â€Å"The Demonstration of Power: Viole nce Profile No. 10,† Journal of Communication, vol. 29 (Summer 1979). 66 THE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY less than their proportionate share of values and resources. In the world of television news and drama, this means lower underrepresentation numbers, less usefulness, fewer opportunities, more victimization (or â€Å"criminalization†), more restricted scope of action, more stereotyped roles, diminished life chances, and general undervaluation ranging from relative neglect to symbolic annihilation. DEATH IN NEWS AND DRAMA Death in such a context is just another invented characterization, a negative resource, a sign of fatal flaw or ineptitude, a punishment for sins or mark of tragedy. You read "Death in Prime Time" in category "Essay examples" It is always a reminder of the risks of life, cultivating most anxiety and dependence for those who are depicted as most at risk. In other words, death is one feature of the more general functions of social typing and control. Obituaries are the Social Register of the middle class. Even a â€Å"nobody† of modest status and power (i. e. a person of no symbolic existence in the common culture) becomes a â€Å"somebody† if the flicker of his or her (and it’s mostly his) life can leave its final symbolic mark of existence in the obituary column. Death in the news is a tightly scripted scenario of violence and terror. Murders, accidents, â€Å"body counts† and catastrophies scatter a surfeit of impersonal corpses in ghoulish symbolic overkill across the pages of our family newspapers and television screens. By the time we grow up, we are so addicted to this necromania of our culture (and we are not alone), that its constant daily cultivation seems to add to a morbid sense of normalcy. Yet it is all well (if unwittingly) calculated to cultivate a sense of insecurity, anxiety, fear of the â€Å"mean world† out there, and ependence on some strong protector. It is the modern equivalent of the bloody circuses in the Roman empire’s â€Å"bread and circuses† that were supposed to keep the populace quiescent. At the center of the symbolic structure of death is the world of stories invented to show how things and drama. The most work-fiction massive and universal flow of stories in modern society (and histo ry) is of course television drama, most of it produced according to the industrial formulas developed to assemble large audiences and sell them to advertisers at the least cost. That is a world in which practically no one ever dies a natural death. Assembly-line drama generally denies the inevitable reality of death and affirms its stigmatic character. Violent death, on the other hand, befalls 5 percent of all prime time dramatic characters every week, with about twice as many killers (many of whom also get killed) stalking the world of prime time. The symbolic function of death in the world of television is thus embedded in its structure of violence, which is essentially a show of force, the ritualistic demonstration of power. THE STRUCTURE OF VIOLENCEAND POWER Dominated as it is by males and masculine values, much of the world of prime time revolves around questions of power. Who can get away with what against whom? How secure are different social types when confronted with conflict and danger? What hierarchies of risk and vulnerability define social relations? In other words, how power works in society. The simplest and cheapest dramatic DEATH IN PRIME TIME 67 demonstration of power is an overt expression of physical force compelling action against one’s will on pain of being hurt or killed, or actually hurting or killing. That is the definition of violence used in our studies of television drama. Violence rules the symbolic world of television. It occurs at an average 10-year rate of 5 violent incidents per hour in prime time and 18 per hour in weekend daytime children’s programming-a triple dose. Violence as a demonstration of power can be measured by relating the percent of violents to the percent of victims within each social group. That ratio shows the chances of men and women, blacks and whites, young and old, to come out on top instead of on the bottom. Conversely, it shows the risks of each group to end up as victims instead of victors. Table 1 is a summary of these â€Å"risk ratios† based on annual samples of prime time and weekend daytime (children’s) programs major dramatic characters, a total of 3,949, from 1969 through 1978. It shows for each of several demographic and dramatic groups the ratio of violents over victims (including killing) and of only killers over killed (or the other way around) within each group. It also shows the percent of characters in each group involved in any violence as either violents or victims (or both). For example, of the 415 children and adolescent characters studied, 60. 5 percent (65. 0 percent males and 49. 1 percent females) were involved in violence. Of the males, victims outnumbered violents by 1. 69 but killers outnumbered killed by 3. 00. In other words, for every 10 child and adolescent violents there were about 17 victims, but for every 10 killed there were 30 killers in that group of characters. Overall, 63 percent of all characters were involved in some violence. For every 10 violents there were 12 victims, but for every 10 killed there were 19 killers. However, as we have just seen, involvement in violence and its outcome-as with values and resources-is not randomly distributed. Some features of the distribution of violence as a demonstration of power can be illustrated by selecting a few risk ratios from the Table, showing how these victimization rates define a hierarchy of risks within which the depiction of dying (and killing) is embedded. A hierarchy of risks Combining prime time and daytime characters, we find that victimization rates define a social hierarchy of risks and vulnerabilities. For every 10 characters who commit violence within each of the following groups the average number of victims for white men is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. nonwhite men is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. lower class women is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ young women is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. nonwhite women is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. old women is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 13 17 18 18 33 If and when involved in violence, women and minorities, and especially young and old as well as minority women characters, are the most vulnerable. Now let us look at dying (and its dramatic counterpart, killing) in that context. We can compute a lethal pecking order by relating the number of killers to the number of killed within each group. Unlike violence in general, killing eliminates a character and must be used more sparingly, either as curtain-raiser or as the â€Å"final solution. † Therefore, in most role categories, there are more killers than killed. â€Å"Good† men, the TABLE 1 RISK RATIOS’: MAJOR CHARACTERS IN ALL PROGRAMS (1969-197 ALL CHARACTERS INVOLVED IN VIOLENCE VIOLENTVICTIM RATIO KILLERKILLED RATIO MALE CHARACTERS INVOLVED IN VIOLENCE VIOLENTVICTIM RATIO K N N All Characters Social Age Children-Adolescents Young Adults Settled Adults Elderly Marital Status Not Married Married Class Clearly Upper Mixed Clearly Lower Race White Other Character Type â€Å"Good† Mixed â€Å"Bad† Nationality U. S. Other 3949 415 813 2212 106 1873 987 269 3549 131 3087 360 2304 1093 550 3100 264 63. 3 60. 5 64. 5 59. 8 47. 2 65. 6 45. 5 59. 5 63. 4 69. 5 60. 1 55. 0 58. 4 61. 4 88. 0 58. 1 73. 5 -1. 20 -1. 60 -1. 36 -1. 12 -1. 15 -1. 23 -1. 27 -1. 38 -1. 19 -1. 25 -1. 19 -1. 33 -1. 29 -1. 22 1. 00 -1. 20 -1. 31 +1. 90 +3. 00 +2. 00 +2. 07 -1. 75 +1. 90 +1. 67 +1. 50 +2. 07 -1. 11 +1. 97 +1. 69 +2. 93 +1. 3 +1. 84 +2. 06 +1. 31 2938 297 539 1698 80 1374 626 182 2650 106 2235 280 1659 807 471 2263 203 68. 4 65. 0 69. 6 65. 7 50. 0 69. 7 52. 9 67. 6 68. 3 73. 6 65. 1 61. 1 63. 7 65. 8 89. 4 63. 2 80. 8 -1. 18 -1. 69 -1. 23 -1. 12 +1. 07 -1. 18 -1. 27 -1. 26 -1. 17 -1. 20 -1. 16 -1. 27 -1. 24 -1. 21 -1. 01 -1. 16 -1. 29 + + + + + + + + – + + + + + + + 1Risk Ratios are obtained by dividing the more numerous of these two roles by the less numerous within eac violents or killersthan victims or killed and a minus sign indicates that there are more victims or killed than violent victimsor killersor violents or killed. A +0. 00 ratio means that there were some violents or killersbut no victims or k killed but no violents or killers. DEATH IN PRIME TIME 69 male heroes of prime time drama, are at the top of the killing order. For every 10 â€Å"good† men killed, there are 38 â€Å"good† men killers. Next are young men and American men; for every 10 young males killed, there are 22 young male and American male killers. The killed-killer ratio of all white males is only slightly lower: 21 killers for every 10 white males killed. In other words, if and when involved in some fatal violence on prime time television, â€Å"good,† young, American and white males are the most likely to be the killers instead of the killed. They kill in a good cause to begin with or are the most powerful, or both. Women do not fare so well. Their most favorable ratio is 20 killers for every 10 killed, and that goes to foreign women. The second highest female kill ratio goes to â€Å"bad† women: they kill 17 characters for every 10 â€Å"bad† women killed. Next are middleaged women who kill 16 for every 10 killed. Thus women who tend to kill, kill much less than men, have relatively more lethal power when they are foreign, evil, or past the romantic-lead age, than when they are â€Å"good,† American, young, and white, as is the case with men. Their killing is more likely to be shown as unjust, irrational, and â€Å"alien† than is killing by men. At the very bottom of the lethal pecking order are old women who get involved in violence only to get killed and â€Å"good† women who get killed 16 times for every 10 killers. Old and â€Å"good† women get into violence mostly as sympathetic (or only pathetic) victims, rousing male heroes to righteous (if lethal) indignation. Next in line are lower class men, lower class women, and old men. For every ten killers in each group there are, respectively, 11, 10, and 10 killed. Unlike those of greater ability to survive conflict or catastrophy,older and lower class characters pay with their lives for every life they take. Provocation and retribution In general, then, as can be seen on the Table, the pecking order of both mayhem and killing is dominated by men-American white, middle class, and in the prime of life. At the top of the general order of victimizers are â€Å"bad† women, old men, and â€Å"bad† men, in that order. The presence of evil at the top of the power hierarchy suggests the dramatic role of villains provoking heroes to violent action. Heading the ranking of killers over killed are â€Å"good† and other majority-type males. We can begin to discern not only the provocative role of the â€Å"bad† but also the retributive function of the â€Å"good† and the strong. Lowest on the dramatic scale are women, lower class, and old people. Of the 20 most victimized groups (both total violence and killing), all but three are women. Old women are at the bottom of the heap of both the battered and the killed. Good†women are among the charactersmost likely to be both general and fatal victims of violence ratherthan the perpetrators. â€Å"Good† men have power as indicated by their heading up the killer-killed list; â€Å"good† women, on the other hand, end up near the bottom of the power hierarchy. When it comes to violence, â€Å"good† are the strong me n and the weak women of the world of television. Dying on television is a violent retribution for weakness, sin, or other flaw in character or status. It is part of the social typing and control functions of centralized cultural production. Our research has found that heavy viewers (compared to light 70 THE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY viewers in the same social groups) derive from their television experience a heightened sense of danger, insecurity, and mistrust, or what we call the â€Å"mean world† syndrome. It can be conjectured that the symbolic functions of dying are part of that syndrome, contributing not only to a structure of power but also to the irrational dread of dying and thus to diminished vitality and self-direction in life. How to cite Death in Prime Time, Essay examples

Shortage of Housing in Massachusetts free essay sample

An examination of some factors which are causing a housing shortage in the state of Massachusetts. This paper begins by presenting some basic demographic facts about Massachusetts. It then discusses the question why prices in the state continue to rise. It looks at statistics regarding population growth trends and migration which also influence the housing shortage crisis. The paper ends with a list of practical alternative solutions to this problem. Officially named the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the state is 13th amongst the 50 United States. It has a population of a little more than 6 million people as of 1990 US census Bureau figures. Comprising of 302 town and 49 cities, with the capital at Boston, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts covers a total area of some 8,000 square miles with a population density of 768 persons per square mile. (Galvin, 2002). The following paper will discuss some aspects on the shortage of housing in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.